Pattern

public final class Pattern
extends Object implements Serializable

A compiled representation of a regular expression.

A regular expression, specified as a string, must first be compiled into an instance of this class. The resulting pattern can then be used to create a Matcher object that can match arbitrary character sequences against the regular expression. All of the state involved in performing a match resides in the matcher, so many matchers can share the same pattern.

A typical invocation sequence is thus

 Pattern p = Pattern.compile("a*b");
 Matcher m = p.matcher("aaaaab");
 boolean b = m.matches();

A matches method is defined by this class as a convenience for when a regular expression is used just once. This method compiles an expression and matches an input sequence against it in a single invocation. The statement

 boolean b = Pattern.matches("a*b", "aaaaab");

Instances of this class are immutable and are safe for use by multiple concurrent threads. Instances of the Matcher class are not safe for such use.

Summary of regular-expression constructs

Backslashes, escapes, and quoting

The backslash character ('\') serves to introduce escaped constructs, as defined in the table above, as well as to quote characters that otherwise would be interpreted as unescaped constructs. Thus the expression \\ matches a single backslash and \{ matches a left brace.

It is an error to use a backslash prior to any alphabetic character that does not denote an escaped construct; these are reserved for future extensions to the regular-expression language. A backslash may be used prior to a non-alphabetic character regardless of whether that character is part of an unescaped construct.

Backslashes within string literals in Java source code are interpreted as required by The Java Language Specification as either Unicode escapes (section {@jls 3.3}) or other character escapes (section {@jls 3.10.6}) It is therefore necessary to double backslashes in string literals that represent regular expressions to protect them from interpretation by the Java bytecode compiler. The string literal "\b", for example, matches a single backspace character when interpreted as a regular expression, while "\\b" matches a word boundary. The string literal "\(hello\)" is illegal and leads to a compile-time error; in order to match the string (hello) the string literal "\\(hello\\)" must be used.

Character Classes

Character classes may appear within other character classes, and may be composed by the union operator (implicit) and the intersection operator (&&). The union operator denotes a class that contains every character that is in at least one of its operand classes. The intersection operator denotes a class that contains every character that is in both of its operand classes.

The precedence of character-class operators is as follows, from highest to lowest:

Note that a different set of metacharacters are in effect inside a character class than outside a character class. For instance, the regular expression . loses its special meaning inside a character class, while the expression - becomes a range forming metacharacter.

Line terminators

A line terminator is a one- or two-character sequence that marks the end of a line of the input character sequence. The following are recognized as line terminators:

• A newline (line feed) character ('\n'),
• A carriage-return character followed immediately by a newline character ("\r\n"),
• A standalone carriage-return character ('\r'),
• A next-line character ('\u0085'),
• A line-separator character ('\u2028'), or
• A paragraph-separator character ('\u2029').

If UNIX_LINES mode is activated, then the only line terminators recognized are newline characters.

The regular expression . matches any character except a line terminator unless the DOTALL flag is specified.

By default, the regular expressions ^ and $ ignore line terminators and only match at the beginning and the end, respectively, of the entire input sequence. If MULTILINE mode is activated then ^ matches at the beginning of input and after any line terminator except at the end of input. When in MULTILINE mode $ matches just before a line terminator or the end of the input sequence.

Groups and capturing

Group number

Capturing groups are numbered by counting their opening parentheses from left to right. In the expression ((A)(B(C))), for example, there are four such groups:

1. ((A)(B(C)))
2. (A)
3. (B(C))
4. (C)

Group zero always stands for the entire expression.

Capturing groups are so named because, during a match, each subsequence of the input sequence that matches such a group is saved. The captured subsequence may be used later in the expression, via a back reference, and may also be retrieved from the matcher once the match operation is complete.

Group name

The constructs and APIs are available since API level 26. A capturing group can also be assigned a "name", a named-capturing group, and then be back-referenced later by the "name". Group names are composed of the following characters. The first character must be a letter.

• The uppercase letters 'A' through 'Z' ('\u0041' through '\u005a'),
• The lowercase letters 'a' through 'z' ('\u0061' through '\u007a'),
• The digits '0' through '9' ('\u0030' through '\u0039'),

A named-capturing group is still numbered as described in Group number.

The captured input associated with a group is always the subsequence that the group most recently matched. If a group is evaluated a second time because of quantification then its previously-captured value, if any, will be retained if the second evaluation fails. Matching the string "aba" against the expression (a(b)?)+, for example, leaves group two set to "b". All captured input is discarded at the beginning of each match.

Groups beginning with (? are either pure, non-capturing groups that do not capture text and do not count towards the group total, or named-capturing group.

Unicode support

This class is in conformance with Level 1 of Unicode Technical Standard #18: Unicode Regular Expressions, plus RL2.1 Canonical Equivalents and RL2.2 Extended Grapheme Clusters.

Unicode escape sequences such as \u2014 in Java source code are processed as described in section {@jls 3.3} of The Java Language Specification. Such escape sequences are also implemented directly by the regular-expression parser so that Unicode escapes can be used in expressions that are read from files or from the keyboard. Thus the strings "\u2014" and "\\u2014", while not equal, compile into the same pattern, which matches the character with hexadecimal value 0x2014.

A Unicode character can also be represented by using its Hex notation (hexadecimal code point value) directly as described in construct \x{...}, for example a supplementary character U+2011F can be specified as \x{2011F}, instead of two consecutive Unicode escape sequences of the surrogate pair \uD840\uDD1F.

Unicode character names are supported by the named character construct \N{...}, for example, \N{WHITE SMILING FACE} specifies character \u263A. The character names supported by this class are the valid Unicode character names matched by java.lang.Character.codePointOf(String) Character.codePointOf(name).

Unicode extended grapheme clusters are supported by the grapheme cluster matcher \X.

Unicode scripts, blocks, categories and binary properties are written with the \p and \P constructs as in Perl. \p{prop} matches if the input has the property prop, while \P{prop} does not match if the input has that property.

Scripts, blocks, categories and binary properties can be used both inside and outside of a character class.

Scripts are specified either with the prefix Is supported since Android 10, as in IsHiragana, or by using the script keyword (or its short form sc) as in script=Hiragana or sc=Hiragana.

The script names supported by Pattern are the valid script names accepted and defined by UnicodeScript.forName.

Blocks are specified with the prefix In, as in InMongolian, or by using the keyword block (or its short form blk) as in block=Mongolian or blk=Mongolian.

The block names supported by Pattern are the valid block names accepted and defined by UnicodeBlock.forName.

Categories may be specified with the optional prefix Is: Both \p{IsL} supported since Android 10 and \p{L} denote the category of Unicode letters. Same as scripts and blocks, categories can also be specified by using the keyword general_category (or its short form gc) as in general_category=Lu or gc=Lu.

The supported categories are those of The Unicode Standard in the version specified by the Character class. The category names are those defined in the Standard, both normative and informative.

Binary properties are specified with the prefix Is since Android 10, as in IsAlphabetic. The prefix Is isn't needed before Android 10, as in Alphabetic. The supported binary properties by Pattern are

• Alphabetic
• Ideographic
• Letter
• Lowercase
• Uppercase
• Titlecase
• Punctuation
• Control
• White_Space
• Digit
• Hex_Digit
• Join_Control
• Noncharacter_Code_Point
• Assigned

The Predefined Character classes and POSIX character classes are in conformance with the recommendation of Annex C: Compatibility Properties of Unicode Technical Standard #18: Unicode Regular Expressions.

Categories that behave like the java.lang.Character boolean ismethodname methods (except for the deprecated ones) are available through the same \p{prop} syntax where the specified property has the name javamethodname.

Behavior starting from API level 10 (Android 2.3)

Starting from Android 2.3 Gingerbread, ICU4C becomes the backend of the regular expression implementation. Android could behave differently compared with other regex implementation, e.g. literal right brace ('}') has to be escaped on Android.

Some other behavior differences can be found in the ICU documentation.

Comparison to Perl 5

The Pattern engine performs traditional NFA-based matching with ordered alternation as occurs in Perl 5.

Perl constructs not supported by this class:

• The backreference constructs, \g{n} for the n^thcapturing group and \g{name} for named-capturing group.

• The conditional constructs (?(condition)X) and (?(condition)X|Y),

• The embedded code constructs (?{code}) and (??{code}),

• The embedded comment syntax (?#comment), and

• The preprocessing operations \l \u, \L, and \U.

Constructs supported by this class but not by Perl:

• Character-class union and intersection as described above.

Notable differences from Perl:

• In Perl, \1 through \9 are always interpreted as back references; a backslash-escaped number greater than 9 is treated as a back reference if at least that many subexpressions exist, otherwise it is interpreted, if possible, as an octal escape. In this class octal escapes must always begin with a zero. In this class, compile(java.lang.String) throws PatternSyntaxException for any non-existent back references. Please use \Q and \E to quote any digit literals followed by back references.

• Perl uses the g flag to request a match that resumes where the last match left off. This functionality is provided implicitly by the Matcher class: Repeated invocations of the find method will resume where the last match left off, unless the matcher is reset.

• In Perl, embedded flags at the top level of an expression affect the whole expression. In this class, embedded flags always take effect at the point at which they appear, whether they are at the top level or within a group; in the latter case, flags are restored at the end of the group just as in Perl.

For a more precise description of the behavior of regular expression constructs, please see Mastering Regular Expressions, 3rd Edition, Jeffrey E. F. Friedl, O'Reilly and Associates, 2006.

Summary

Constants

public static final int CANON_EQ

public static final int CASE_INSENSITIVE

public static final int COMMENTS

public static final int DOTALL

public static final int LITERAL

public static final int MULTILINE

public static final int UNICODE_CASE

public static final int UNICODE_CHARACTER_CLASS

public static final int UNIX_LINES

Public methods

public Predicate<String> asMatchPredicate ()

public Predicate<String> asPredicate ()

public static Pattern compile (String regex)

public static Pattern compile (String regex, 
                int flags)

public int flags ()

public Matcher matcher (CharSequence input)

public static boolean matches (String regex, 
                CharSequence input)

public String pattern ()

public static String quote (String s)

public String[] split (CharSequence input, 
                int limit)

public String[] split (CharSequence input)

public Stream<String> splitAsStream (CharSequence input)

public String toString ()