OpenGL ES

Android includes support for high performance 2D and 3D graphics with the Open Graphics Library (OpenGL®), specifically, the OpenGL ES API. OpenGL is a cross-platform graphics API that specifies a standard software interface for 3D graphics processing hardware. OpenGL ES is a flavor of the OpenGL specification intended for embedded devices. Android supports several versions of the OpenGL ES API:

  • OpenGL ES 2.0 - This API specification is supported by Android 2.2 (API level 8) and higher.
  • OpenGL ES 3.0 - This API specification is supported by Android 4.3 (API level 18) and higher.
  • OpenGL ES 3.1 - This API specification is supported by Android 5.0 (API level 21) and higher.
  • OpenGL ES 3.2 - This API specification is supported by Android 7.0 (API level 24) and higher.

Caution: Regardless of the Android platform version, a device cannot support the OpenGL ES 3.0 API unless the device manufacturer provides an implementation of this graphics pipeline. If you specify in the manifest that OpenGL ES 3.0 is required, you can be sure that that version will be present on the device. If you specify that a lower-level version is required but you want to use 3.0 features if they're available, you should check at run time to see what version of OpenGL the device supports. For information on how to do this, see Checking OpenGL ES version.

Note: Android includes support for OpenGL ES 1.0 and 1.1, but these versions of the API are deprecated and shouldn't be used by modern applications.

Note: The specific API provided by the Android framework is similar to the J2ME JSR239 OpenGL ES API, but isn't identical. If you are familiar with J2ME JSR239 specification, be alert for variations.

Also see

The basics

Android supports OpenGL both through its framework API and the Native Development Kit (NDK). This topic focuses on the Android framework interfaces. For more information about the NDK, see the Android NDK.

There are two foundational classes in the Android framework that let you create and manipulate graphics with the OpenGL ES API: GLSurfaceView and GLSurfaceView.Renderer. If your goal is to use OpenGL in your Android application, understanding how to implement these classes in an activity should be your first objective.

GLSurfaceView
This class is a View where you can draw and manipulate objects using OpenGL API calls and is similar in function to a SurfaceView. You can use this class by creating an instance of GLSurfaceView and adding your Renderer to it. However, if you want to capture touch screen events, you should extend the GLSurfaceView class to implement the touch listeners, as shown in OpenGL training lesson, Responding to touch events.
GLSurfaceView.Renderer
This interface defines the methods required for drawing graphics in a GLSurfaceView. You must provide an implementation of this interface as a separate class and attach it to your GLSurfaceView instance using GLSurfaceView.setRenderer().

The GLSurfaceView.Renderer interface requires that you implement the following methods:

  • onSurfaceCreated(): The system calls this method once, when creating the GLSurfaceView. Use this method to perform actions that need to happen only once, such as setting OpenGL environment parameters or initializing OpenGL graphic objects.
  • onDrawFrame(): The system calls this method on each redraw of the GLSurfaceView. Use this method as the primary execution point for drawing (and re-drawing) graphic objects.
  • onSurfaceChanged(): The system calls this method when the GLSurfaceView geometry changes, including changes in size of the GLSurfaceView or orientation of the device screen. For example, the system calls this method when the device changes from portrait to landscape orientation. Use this method to respond to changes in the GLSurfaceView container.

OpenGL ES packages

Once you have established a container view for OpenGL ES using GLSurfaceView and GLSurfaceView.Renderer, you can begin calling OpenGL APIs using the following classes:

  • OpenGL ES 2.0 API Class
    • android.opengl.GLES20 - This package provides the interface to OpenGL ES 2.0 and is available starting with Android 2.2 (API level 8).
  • OpenGL ES 3.0/3.1/3.2 API Packages
    • android.opengl - This package provides the interface to the OpenGL ES 3.0/3.1 classes. Version 3.0 is available starting with Android 4.3 (API level 18). Version 3.1 is available starting with Android 5.0 (API level 21). Version 3.2 is available starting with Android 7.0 (API level 24).

If you want to start building an app with OpenGL ES right away, follow the Displaying graphics with OpenGL ES class.

Declaring OpenGL requirements

If your application uses OpenGL features that are not available on all devices, you must include these requirements in your AndroidManifest.xml file. Here are the most common OpenGL manifest declarations:

  • OpenGL ES version requirements - If your application requires a specific version of OpenGL ES, you must declare that requirement by adding the following settings to your manifest as shown below.

    For OpenGL ES 2.0:

    <!-- Tell the system this app requires OpenGL ES 2.0. -->
<uses-feature android:glEsVersion="0x00020000" android:required="true" />

    Adding this declaration causes Google Play to restrict your application from being installed on devices that do not support OpenGL ES 2.0. If your application is exclusively for devices that support OpenGL ES 3.0, you can also specify this in your manifest:

    For OpenGL ES 3.0:

    <!-- Tell the system this app requires OpenGL ES 3.0. -->
<uses-feature android:glEsVersion="0x00030000" android:required="true" />

    For OpenGL ES 3.1:

    <!-- Tell the system this app requires OpenGL ES 3.1. -->
<uses-feature android:glEsVersion="0x00030001" android:required="true" />

    For OpenGL ES 3.2:

    <!-- Tell the system this app requires OpenGL ES 3.2. -->
<uses-feature android:glEsVersion="0x00030002" android:required="true" />

    Note: The OpenGL ES 3.x API is backwards-compatible with the 2.0 API, which means you can be more flexible with your implementation of OpenGL ES in your application. By declaring the OpenGL ES 2.0 API as a requirement in your manifest, you can use that API version as a default, check for the availability of the 3.x API at run time and then use OpenGL ES 3.x features if the device supports it. For more information about checking the OpenGL ES version supported by a device, see Checking OpenGL ES version.

  • Texture compression requirements - If your application uses texture compression formats, you must declare the formats your application supports in your manifest file using <supports-gl-texture>. For more information about available texture compression formats, see Texture compression support.

    Declaring texture compression requirements in your manifest hides your application from users with devices that do not support at least one of your declared compression types. For more information on how Google Play filtering works for texture compressions, see the Google Play and texture compression filtering section of the <supports-gl-texture> documentation.

Mapping coordinates for drawn objects

One of the basic problems in displaying graphics on Android devices is that their screens can vary in size and shape. OpenGL assumes a square, uniform coordinate system and, by default, happily draws those coordinates onto your typically non-square screen as if it is perfectly square.

Figure 1. Default OpenGL coordinate system (left) mapped to a typical Android device screen (right).

The illustration above shows the uniform coordinate system assumed for an OpenGL frame on the left, and how these coordinates actually map to a typical device screen in landscape orientation on the right. To solve this problem, you can apply OpenGL projection modes and camera views to transform coordinates so your graphic objects have the correct proportions on any display.

In order to apply projection and camera views, you create a projection matrix and a camera view matrix and apply them to the OpenGL rendering pipeline. The projection matrix recalculates the coordinates of your graphics so that they map correctly to Android device screens. The camera view matrix creates a transformation that renders objects from a specific eye position.

Projection and camera view in OpenGL ES 2.0 and higher

In the ES 2.0 and 3.0 APIs, you apply projection and camera view by first adding a matrix member to the vertex shaders of your graphics objects. With this matrix member added, you can then generate and apply projection and camera viewing matrices to your objects.

  1. Add matrix to vertex shaders - Create a variable for the view projection matrix and include it as a multiplier of the shader's position. In the following example vertex shader code, the included uMVPMatrix member allows you to apply projection and camera viewing matrices to the coordinates of objects that use this shader.

    Kotlin

    private val vertexShaderCode =

    // This matrix member variable provides a hook to manipulate
    // the coordinates of objects that use this vertex shader.
    "uniform mat4 uMVPMatrix;   \n" +

    "attribute vec4 vPosition;  \n" +
    "void main(){               \n" +
    // The matrix must be included as part of gl_Position
    // Note that the uMVPMatrix factor *must be first* in order
    // for the matrix multiplication product to be correct.
    " gl_Position = uMVPMatrix * vPosition; \n" +

    "}  \n"

    Java

    private final String vertexShaderCode =

    // This matrix member variable provides a hook to manipulate
    // the coordinates of objects that use this vertex shader.
    "uniform mat4 uMVPMatrix;   \n" +

    "attribute vec4 vPosition;  \n" +
    "void main(){               \n" +
    // The matrix must be included as part of gl_Position
    // Note that the uMVPMatrix factor *must be first* in order
    // for the matrix multiplication product to be correct.
    " gl_Position = uMVPMatrix * vPosition; \n" +

    "}  \n";

    Note: The example above defines a single transformation matrix member in the vertex shader into which you apply a combined projection matrix and camera view matrix. Depending on your application requirements, you may want to define separate projection matrix and camera viewing matrix members in your vertex shaders so you can change them independently.

  2. Access the shader matrix - After creating a hook in your vertex shaders to apply projection and camera view, you can then access that variable to apply projection and camera viewing matrices. The following code shows how to modify the onSurfaceCreated() method of a GLSurfaceView.Renderer implementation to access the matrix variable defined in the vertex shader above.

    Kotlin

    override fun onSurfaceCreated(gl: GL10, config: EGLConfig) {
    ...
    muMVPMatrixHandle = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(program, "uMVPMatrix")
    ...
}

    Java

    public void onSurfaceCreated(GL10 unused, EGLConfig config) {
    ...
    muMVPMatrixHandle = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(program, "uMVPMatrix");
    ...
}
  3. Create projection and camera viewing matrices - Generate the projection and viewing matrices to be applied the graphic objects. The following example code shows how to modify the onSurfaceCreated() and onSurfaceChanged() methods of a GLSurfaceView.Renderer implementation to create camera view matrix and a projection matrix based on the screen aspect ratio of the device.

    Kotlin

    override fun onSurfaceCreated(gl: GL10, config: EGLConfig) {
    ...
    // Create a camera view matrix
    Matrix.setLookAtM(vMatrix, 0, 0f, 0f, -3f, 0f, 0f, 0f, 0f, 1.0f, 0.0f)
}

override fun onSurfaceChanged(gl: GL10, width: Int, height: Int) {
    GLES20.glViewport(0, 0, width, height)

    val ratio: Float = width.toFloat() / height.toFloat()

    // create a projection matrix from device screen geometry
    Matrix.frustumM(projMatrix, 0, -ratio, ratio, -1f, 1f, 3f, 7f)
}

    Java

    public void onSurfaceCreated(GL10 unused, EGLConfig config) {
    ...
    // Create a camera view matrix
    Matrix.setLookAtM(vMatrix, 0, 0, 0, -3, 0f, 0f, 0f, 0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
}

public void onSurfaceChanged(GL10 unused, int width, int height) {
    GLES20.glViewport(0, 0, width, height);

    float ratio = (float) width / height;

    // create a projection matrix from device screen geometry
    Matrix.frustumM(projMatrix, 0, -ratio, ratio, -1, 1, 3, 7);
}
  4. Apply projection and camera viewing matrices - To apply the projection and camera view transformations, multiply the matrices together and then set them into the vertex shader. The following example code shows how modify the onDrawFrame() method of a GLSurfaceView.Renderer implementation to combine the projection matrix and camera view created in the code above and then apply it to the graphic objects to be rendered by OpenGL.

    Kotlin

    override fun onDrawFrame(gl: GL10) {
    ...
    // Combine the projection and camera view matrices
    Matrix.multiplyMM(vPMatrix, 0, projMatrix, 0, vMatrix, 0)

    // Apply the combined projection and camera view transformations
    GLES20.glUniformMatrix4fv(muMVPMatrixHandle, 1, false, vPMatrix, 0)

    // Draw objects
    ...
}

    Java

    public void onDrawFrame(GL10 unused) {
    ...
    // Combine the projection and camera view matrices
    Matrix.multiplyMM(vPMatrix, 0, projMatrix, 0, vMatrix, 0);

    // Apply the combined projection and camera view transformations
    GLES20.glUniformMatrix4fv(muMVPMatrixHandle, 1, false, vPMatrix, 0);

    // Draw objects
    ...
}

For a complete example of how to apply projection and camera view with OpenGL ES 2.0, see the Displaying graphics with OpenGL ES class.

Shape faces and winding

In OpenGL, the face of a shape is a surface defined by three or more points in three-dimensional space. A set of three or more three-dimensional points (called vertices in OpenGL) have a front face and a back face. How do you know which face is front and which is the back? Good question. The answer has to do with winding, or, the direction in which you define the points of a shape.

Coordinates at vertices of a triangle

Figure 1. Illustration of a coordinate list which translates into a counterclockwise drawing order.

In this example, the points of the triangle are defined in an order such that they are drawn in a counterclockwise direction. The order in which these coordinates are drawn defines the winding direction for the shape. By default, in OpenGL, the face which is drawn counterclockwise is the front face. The triangle shown in Figure 1 is defined so that you are looking at the front face of the shape (as interpreted by OpenGL) and the other side is the back face.

Why is it important to know which face of a shape is the front face? The answer has to do with a commonly used feature of OpenGL, called face culling. Face culling is an option for the OpenGL environment which allows the rendering pipeline to ignore (not calculate or draw) the back face of a shape, saving time, memory and processing cycles:

Kotlin

gl.apply {
    // enable face culling feature
    glEnable(GL10.GL_CULL_FACE)
    // specify which faces to not draw
    glCullFace(GL10.GL_BACK)
}

Java

// enable face culling feature
gl.glEnable(GL10.GL_CULL_FACE);
// specify which faces to not draw
gl.glCullFace(GL10.GL_BACK);

If you try to use the face culling feature without knowing which sides of your shapes are the front and back, your OpenGL graphics are going to look a bit thin, or possibly not show up at all. So, always define the coordinates of your OpenGL shapes in a counterclockwise drawing order.

Note: It is possible to set an OpenGL environment to treat the clockwise face as the front face, but doing so requires more code and is likely to confuse experienced OpenGL developers when you ask them for help. So don’t do that.

OpenGL versions and device compatibility

The OpenGL ES 1.0 and 1.1 API specifications have been supported since Android 1.0. Graphics programming with OpenGL ES 1.0/1.1 API is significantly different than using the 2.0 and higher versions. OpenGL ES 2.0 is supported by all Android devices beginning with Android 2.2 (API level 8) and is the earliest version recommended for new applications being developed with OpenGL ES. OpenGL ES 3.0 is supported with Android 4.3 (API level 18) and higher, on devices that provide an implementation of the OpenGL ES 3.0 API. For information about the relative number of Android-powered devices that support a given version of OpenGL ES, see the OpenGL ES version dashboard.

You should carefully consider the graphics requirements and choose the API version that works best for your application. For more information, see Choosing an OpenGL API version.

The OpenGL ES 3.0 API provides additional features and better performance than the 2.0 API and is also backward compatible. This means that you can potentially write your application targeting OpenGL ES 2.0 and conditionally include OpenGL ES 3.0 graphics features if they are available. For more information on checking for availability of the 3.0 API, see Checking OpenGL ES version

Texture compression support

Texture compression can significantly increase the performance of your OpenGL application by reducing memory requirements and making more efficient use of memory bandwidth. The Android framework provides support for the ETC1 compression format as a standard feature, including a ETC1Util utility class and the etc1tool compression tool (located in the Android SDK at <sdk>/tools/). For an example of an Android application that uses texture compression, see the CompressedTextureActivity code sample in Android SDK (<sdk>/samples/<version>/ApiDemos/src/com/example/android/apis/graphics/).

The ETC1 format is supported by all Android devices that support OpenGL ES 2.0 or higher.

Note: The ETC1 texture compression format does not support textures with a transparency (alpha channel). If your application requires textures with transparency, you should investigate other texture compression formats available on your target devices. A method of rendering alpha channel textures using ETC1 is to bind two ETC1 texture objects: the first with color data, the second with alpha channel data and then combine the values from the two textures in the fragment shader.

The ETC2/EAC texture compression formats are guaranteed to be available when using the OpenGL ES 3.0 API. This texture format offers excellent compression ratios with high visual quality and the format also supports transparency (alpha channel).

Beyond the ETC formats, Android devices have varied support for texture compression based on their GPU chipsets and OpenGL implementations. You should investigate texture compression support on the devices you are are targeting to determine what compression types your application should support. In order to determine what texture formats are supported on a given device, you must query the device and review the OpenGL extension names, which identify what texture compression formats (and other OpenGL features) are supported by the device. Some commonly supported texture compression formats are as follows:

  • Adaptable Scalable Texture Compression (ASTC) - A texture compression format designed to supersede prior formats. More flexible than previous formats due to support for various block sizes.
    • GL_KHR_texture_compression_astc_ldr
    • GL_KHR_texture_compression_astc_hdr(high dynamic range)
  • S3TC (DXTn/DXTC) - S3 texture compression (S3TC) has several format variations (DXT1 to DXT5) and is less widely available. The format supports RGB textures with 4-bit alpha or 8-bit alpha channels. These formats are represented by the following OpenGL extension name:
    • GL_EXT_texture_compression_s3tc
    Some devices only support the DXT1 format variation; this limited support is represented by the following OpenGL extension name:
    • GL_EXT_texture_compression_dxt1

The following texture compression formats are considered legacy formats and aren't recommended for use in new applications:

  • ATITC (ATC) - ATI texture compression (ATITC or ATC) is available on a wide variety of devices and supports fixed rate compression for RGB textures with and without an alpha channel. This format may be represented by several OpenGL extension names, for example:
    • GL_AMD_compressed_ATC_texture
    • GL_ATI_texture_compression_atitc
  • PVRTC - PowerVR texture compression (PVRTC) is available on a wide variety of devices and supports 2-bit and 4-bit per pixel textures with or without an alpha channel. This format is represented by the following OpenGL extension name:
    • GL_IMG_texture_compression_pvrtc
  • 3DC - 3DC texture compression (3DC) is a less widely available format that supports RGB textures with an alpha channel. This format is represented by the following OpenGL extension name:
    • GL_AMD_compressed_3DC_texture

Warning: These texture compression formats are not supported on all devices. Support for these formats can vary by manufacturer and device. For information on how to determine what texture compression formats are on a particular device, see the next section.

Note: Once you decide which texture compression formats your application will support, make sure you declare them in your manifest using <supports-gl-texture> . Using this declaration enables filtering by external services such as Google Play, so that your app is installed only on devices that support the formats your app requires. For details, see OpenGL manifest declarations.

Determining OpenGL extensions

Implementations of OpenGL vary by Android device in terms of the extensions to the OpenGL ES API that are supported. These extensions include texture compressions, but typically also include other extensions to the OpenGL feature set.

To determine what texture compression formats, and other OpenGL extensions, are supported on a particular device:

  1. Run the following code on your target devices to determine what texture compression formats are supported:

    Kotlin

    var extensions = gl.glGetString(GL10.GL_EXTENSIONS)

    Java

    String extensions = gl.glGetString(GL10.GL_EXTENSIONS);

    Warning: The results of this call vary by device model! You must run this call on several target devices to determine what compression types are commonly supported.

  2. Review the output of this method to determine what OpenGL extensions are supported on the device.

Android Extension Pack (AEP)

The AEP ensures that your application supports a standardized set of OpenGL extensions above and beyond the core set described in the OpenGL 3.1 specification. Packaging these extensions together encourages a consistent set of functionality across devices, while allowing developers to take full advantage of the latest crop of mobile GPU devices.

The AEP also improves support for images, shader storage buffers, and atomic counters in fragment shaders.

For your app to be able to use the AEP, the app's manifest must declare that the AEP is required. In addition, the platform version must support it.

All of the additional features specified in the AEP are included in the base OpenGL ES 3.2 specification. If your app requires OpenGL ES 3.2 you do not need to require the AEP.

Declare the AEP requirement in the manifest as follows:

<uses-feature android:name="android.hardware.opengles.aep"
              android:required="true" />

To verify that the platform version supports the AEP, use the hasSystemFeature(String) method, passing in FEATURE_OPENGLES_EXTENSION_PACK as the argument. The following code snippet shows an example of how to do so:

Kotlin

var deviceSupportsAEP: Boolean =
        packageManager.hasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_OPENGLES_EXTENSION_PACK)

Java

boolean deviceSupportsAEP = getPackageManager().hasSystemFeature
     (PackageManager.FEATURE_OPENGLES_EXTENSION_PACK);

If the method returns true, AEP is supported.

For more information about the AEP, visit its page at the Khronos OpenGL ES Registry.

Checking the OpenGL ES version

There are several versions of OpenGL ES available on Android devices. You can specify the minimum version of the API your application requires in your manifest, but you may also want to take advantage of features in a newer API at the same time. For example, the OpenGL ES 3.0 API is backward-compatible with the 2.0 version of the API, so you may want to write your application so that it uses OpenGL ES 3.0 features, but falls back to the 2.0 API if the 3.0 API is not available.

Before using OpenGL ES features from a version higher than the minimum required in your application manifest, your application should check the version of the API available on the device. You can do this in one of two ways:

  1. Attempt to create the higher-level OpenGL ES context (EGLContext) and check the result.
  2. Create a minimum-supported OpenGL ES context and check the version value.

The following example code demonstrates how to check the available OpenGL ES version by creating an EGLContext and checking the result. This example shows how to check for OpenGL ES 3.0 version:

Kotlin

private const val EGL_CONTEXT_CLIENT_VERSION = 0x3098
private const val glVersion = 3.0
private class ContextFactory : GLSurfaceView.EGLContextFactory {

    override fun createContext(egl: EGL10, display: EGLDisplay, eglConfig: EGLConfig): EGLContext {

        Log.w(TAG, "creating OpenGL ES $glVersion context")
        return egl.eglCreateContext(
                display,
                eglConfig,
                EGL10.EGL_NO_CONTEXT,
                intArrayOf(EGL_CONTEXT_CLIENT_VERSION, glVersion.toInt(), EGL10.EGL_NONE)
        ) // returns null if 3.0 is not supported
    }
}

Java

private static double glVersion = 3.0;

private static class ContextFactory implements GLSurfaceView.EGLContextFactory {

  private static int EGL_CONTEXT_CLIENT_VERSION = 0x3098;

  public EGLContext createContext(
          EGL10 egl, EGLDisplay display, EGLConfig eglConfig) {

      Log.w(TAG, "creating OpenGL ES " + glVersion + " context");
      int[] attrib_list = {EGL_CONTEXT_CLIENT_VERSION, (int) glVersion,
              EGL10.EGL_NONE };
      // attempt to create a OpenGL ES 3.0 context
      EGLContext context = egl.eglCreateContext(
              display, eglConfig, EGL10.EGL_NO_CONTEXT, attrib_list);
      return context; // returns null if 3.0 is not supported;
  }
}

If the createContext() method show above returns null, your code should create a OpenGL ES 2.0 context instead and fall back to using only that API.

The following code example demonstrates how to check the OpenGL ES version by creating a minimum supported context first, and then checking the version string:

Kotlin

// Create a minimum supported OpenGL ES context, then check:
gl.glGetString(GL10.GL_VERSION).also {
    Log.w(TAG, "Version: $it")
}
 // The version format is displayed as: "OpenGL ES <major>.<minor>"
 // followed by optional content provided by the implementation.

Java

// Create a minimum supported OpenGL ES context, then check:
String version = gl.glGetString(GL10.GL_VERSION);
Log.w(TAG, "Version: " + version );
// The version format is displayed as: "OpenGL ES <major>.<minor>"
// followed by optional content provided by the implementation.

With this approach, if you discover that the device supports a higher-level API version, you must destroy the minimum OpenGL ES context and create a new context with the higher available API version.

Choosing an OpenGL API version

OpenGL ES version 2.0, and version 3.0 both provide high performance graphics interfaces for creating 3D games, visualizations and user interfaces. Graphics progamming for OpenGL ES 2.0 and 3.0 is largely similar, with version 3.0 representing a superset of the 2.0 API with additional features. Programming for the OpenGL ES 1.0/1.1 API versus OpenGL ES 2.0 and 3.0 differs significantly, and isn't recommended for new applications. Developers should carefully consider the following factors before starting development with these APIs:

  • Device Compatibility - Developers should consider the types of devices, Android versions and the OpenGL ES versions available to their customers. For more information on OpenGL compatibility across devices, see the OpenGL versions and device compatibility section.
  • Texture Support - The OpenGL ES 3.0 API has the best support for texture compression because it guarantees availability of the ETC2 compression format, which supports transparency. The 2.0 API implementations include support for ETC1, however this texture format doesn't support transparency. To implement transparency with compressed textures you must either use two ETC1 textures (split between color and alpha) or provide resources in other compression formats supported by the devices you are targeting. For more information, see Texture compression support.

While compatibility, and texture support may influence your decision, you should pick an OpenGL API version based on what you think provides the best experience for your users.